Protesters opposing COVID-19 measures who liken themselves to Jews under Nazi persecution are stoking global anti-Semitism, the Israeli government said in a report marking International Holocaust Remembrance Day.

According to the 152-page Diaspora Affairs Ministry study, such Holocaust tropes have grown “widespread,” and, along with violent demonstrations tied to Israel’s May battle in Gaza, were major causes behind physical or online attacks on Jews in Europe and North America last year.

Several US and British politicians have apologized in recent months after saying that vaccination or confinement programs were reminiscent of Hitler’s dictatorship.

Some demonstrators against pandemic curbs have worn yellow stars like those the Nazis forced on European Jews.

Such displays showed factual knowledge of the genocide was eroding, the report said, adding that some COVID-19 agitators have been “consuming and disseminating anti-Semitic conspiracy theories that Jews are responsible for the crisis and are using it for oppression, global domination, economic gain, etc”.

Expanding on the findings, Diaspora Affairs Minister Nachman Shai said Holocaust distortion or trivialization is itself anti-Semitic and can sometimes lead to actual endangerment of Jews.

“There are people so fraught with hate who can, when faced with such imagery, be tipped over into action,” he told Reuters.

The Combat Antisemitism Movement (CAM), a U.S.-based non-profit, said that in 2020 and 2021 it had found 63.7 million engagements – participation, sharing or “liking” – during online discussions linking the pandemic to the Holocaust.

Yad Vashem, Israel’s main Holocaust memorial, has urged world leaders to come out against such discourse – a call apparently heeded by U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, who on Monday said the yellow star protests were “reprehensible”.

“COVID brought Holocaust trivialization to a summit,” said Yad Vashem chairman Dani Dayan. “Things like that, sometimes done by politicians, by public figures, are despicable and Yad Vashem is very clear in demanding those persons retract.”

Former Israeli Chief Rabbi Israel Meir Lau, whose parents and brother were among the six million Jews killed by the Nazis and who himself survived a concentration camp as a child, had a more personal appeal during a Reuters interview.

“Please leave the word ‘Holocaust’ for the Holocaust – and nothing but it,” he said.