Some of the groups are now under review or have been removed since they were flagged to Facebook as part of our investigation.
The encrypted messaging app Telegram previously took down some channels, including one with “war group” in its title and another called Death to Arabs.
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The current conflict between Israel and Palestinian militants in Gaza has sparked riots and incidents of street-violence between Jewish Israelis and Arab Israelis in towns across the country.
Israel has seen a growth in ultranationalist sentiment among a small proportion of Jewish Israelis in recent years.
Some are now organising themselves on social media, with reports that an attack on an Arab man who was pulled from his car and beaten in the streets of Bat Yam in mid-May had been co-ordinated on Telegram.
One Telegram group, whose members call themselves a civilian army, boasts it grew to around 6,000 users before being shut down. The users have regrouped and their channel currently has more than 400 users.
Users in this group have usernames including Death to Arabs and Every Arab killed is a holiday for us.
Graphic and offensive images and videos are shared widely in the chat.
One member with the Telegram username State of Israel shared an image of a man who had been shot in the head. It has the caption ‘Father of all Arabs’.
The group works to organise and instruct its members. It issues calls to boycott Arab-run stores. One message calls on the users to “burn mosques”, while others ask users to patrol and defend synagogues.
Efforts to organise can also been seen in an unofficial Facebook group and WhatsApp group connected to Otzma Yehudit (meaning Jewish Strength), a far-right Israeli political party. A number of posts written in English call for armed support at key demonstrations in Israel, where it is legal to carry a gun.
“In Lod there is a call for all those who carry a weapon to come asap to Lod to help save Jewish lives. Yes, it’s that bad. I emphasize [sic]: ONLY those with weapons!”, reads one post, with a different user referring to Arab Israelis as “the enemy” in a reply.
Facebook removed the page after Sky News sent the social media company evidence of the messages in the group.
Another group, this one linked to La Familia, the far-right, football supporter group of the Israeli Premier League club Beitar Jerusalem, was taken off Telegram. The group had been called La Familia – Death to the Arabs.
La Familia made headlines once again last week after an Israeli journalist said her crew was physically attacked by the group while reporting on the unrest in Lod.
In Bat Yam, videos emerged that appeared to show La Familia members destroying a shop that was owned by an Arab.
Most of the Facebook groups associated with La Familia cannot be accessed without the admin’s approval.
But on those pages that are public, we saw users in recent days encouraging members to take to the streets to “bring order” on a post that had previously not been commented on since last year.
Scattered across public ultranationalist groups are calls to join closed groups that contain only vetted users.
One post reads: “Friends, we have opened a discreet group without … informers. Any member who is interested in receiving equipment, locations and timings who will join us for the news.”
In another much longer post a four-step set of actions is laid out for those who wish to gain access to a private group.
The admin says: “Only those interested in embarking on activities to restore deterrence and return the State of Israel to us are invited to the verified group.”
The poster explains the steps are necessary after the group was “attacked by countless forces of evil… the Arabs, and the police and the media”.
Prospective users must offer a photo of themselves with proof of the date and time it was taken and a link to their personal social media.
They must also complete a video and written message in Hebrew vowing support for Israel and a willingness to give their life for the cause.
The four pieces of evidence are then to be sent to an admin who will then invite the user to the private chat.
A spokesperson for Facebook, who owns Instagram and WhatsApp, told Sky News: “We don’t tolerate hate or incitement to violence on our platforms.
“We have dedicated teams, which include native Arabic and Hebrew speakers, closely monitoring the situation on the ground, and making sure we’re removing content and accounts that break our rules as quickly as possible.
“We’re reviewing the accounts shared by Sky News and have already removed one Facebook Group for breaking our rules.”
Telegram did not respond to requests for comment from Sky News.
