On Monday, NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg reminded Russia that the western military alliance was standing behind Ukraine in the face of a huge and unusual concentration of Russian troops on its borders.

Stoltenberg asked Russia to be honest about military activity in order to calm tensions and prevent an escalation, emphasizing the importance of preventing situations from spiraling out of control.

“We must be objective and realistic about the issues we confront. And we perceive a major, large Russian military buildup “Stoltenberg made the remarks during a press conference in Brussels with Ukraine’s Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba.

He said he did not want to speculate about Russia’s intentions but added: “We see an unusual concentration of troops, and we know that Russia has been willing to use these types of military capabilities before to conduct aggressive actions against Ukraine.”

The Russian troop movements have over the past days spurred fears of a possible attack. Moscow has dismissed such suggestions as inflammatory and complained about increasing activity in the region by the NATO transatlantic alliance.

Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine in 2014 and says the waters around it belong to Moscow now, despite most countries continuing to recognize the peninsula as Ukrainian.

Russian-backed separatists took control of Ukraine’s eastern Donbass region that same year and soldiers on both sides continue to be regularly killed in the conflict there.

The troop border build-up – which Ukraine last week estimated at 100,000 – was dangerous, said Stoltenberg, because it reduced the amount of warning time, should Russia decide to “conduct a military aggressive action against Ukraine.”

“This is partly forces close to the border between Russia and Ukraine, but it is also partly troops and capabilities which are inside Ukraine, meaning they are in Crimea, which is illegally annexed, and also we see the militants, the separatists in Donbass, which is also part of Ukraine, supported and helped by Russia,” he said.

A NATO source, asked to describe how Russia is going about deploying its military equipment towards Ukraine, said: “large equipment such as tanks, self-propelled artillery and infantry fighting vehicles is moved at night to avoid tell-tale pictures showing up on social media as they did during the Russian military build-up in spring.”

“It can go either way,” Lithuania’s foreign minister Gabrielius Landsbergis told reporters, also on Monday, on the margins of a meeting with his European Union counterparts.

The West cannot exclude a Russian attack on Ukraine while international attention is focused on the Belarus migration crisis, or that Russia establishes a permanent military presence in Belarus, he said.

“I would not exclude that as a possibility,” he said.