One in three COVID-19 survivors in a study of more than 230,000 mostly American patients were diagnosed with a brain or psychiatric disorder within 6 months, suggesting the pandemic could lead to a wave of mental and neurological problems, scientists said on Tuesday.

Researchers who conducted the analysis said it was not clear how the virus was linked to psychiatric conditions such as depression and anxiety, but that these were the most common diagnoses among the 14 disorders they looked at.

The researchers noted that post-COVID cases of dementia, stroke and other neurological disorders were rarer but were still significant, especially in those who had severe coronavirus infection.

“Our results indicate that brain diseases and psychiatric disorders are more common after COVID-19 than after flu or other respiratory infections,” said Max Taquet, a psychiatrist at Britain’s Oxford University, who co-led the work.

The study was not able to determine the biological or psychological mechanisms involved, he said, but urgent research is needed to identify these “with a view to preventing or treating them”.

Health experts are increasingly worried by evidence of higher risks of brain and mental health disorders among coronavirus survivors. A previous study by the same researchers found last year that 20% of COVID-19 survivors were diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder within 3 months.

The new findings, published in the Lancet Psychiatry journal, analysed health records of 236,379 coronavirus patients, mostly from the United States, and found 34% had been diagnosed with neurological or psychiatric illnesses within 6 months.

The disorders were significantly more common in COVID-19 patients than in comparison groups of people who recovered from flu or other respiratory infections over the same time period, the scientists said, suggesting the coronavirus had a specific impact.

Anxiety, at 17%, and mood disorders, at 14%, were the most common, and did not appear to be related to how mild or severe the patient’s COVID-19 case had been.

Among those who had been admitted to intensive care units with severe COVID-19 however, 7% had a stroke within 6 months, and nearly 2% were diagnosed with dementia.

“Although the individual risks for most disorders are small, the effect across the whole population may be substantial,” said Paul Harrison, an Oxford psychiatry professor who co-led the work.